Culture of Nigéria

Nigéria

Commemorative dates:

New Year (January 1st) New Year’s Day, which is on January 1, marks the start of the year in the Gregorian calendar and it's a public holiday in many countries. Count down to the New Year, no matter where you are.

Labor Day (May 1)  Labor Day is also known as May Day and is a public holiday in many countries across the world. It usually occurs around May 1, but the date can vary.

Eid al-Fitr (May 12) Eid al-Fitr is a Muslim celebration that marks the end of the Ramadan fast. It is celebrated on the first day of the month of Shawwal, the tenth month of the Islamic calendar. In some formal societies this celebration is also known as "Sweet Celebration" or "Little Celebration". The religious Eid is one day, but it is often celebrated for 3 days.

Eid el Kabir (july 20) Eid al-Adha is an Islamic festival to commemorate the willingness of Ibrahim (also known as Abraham) to follow Allah's (God's) command to sacrifice his son. Muslims around the world observe this event.

Independence Day (October 1) Independence Day is an official national holiday in Nigeria, celebrated on the first of October. It marks Nigeria's proclamation of independence from British rule on October 1, 1960.

Christmas (December 25) Christmas in Nigeria is a family event, a time when lots of family members come together to celebrate and have fun. Most families, that live in cities, travel to the villages where their grandparents and older relatives live.

Boxing Day (December 26th) Boxing Day is the term used in many English-speaking countries to designate a secular holiday celebrated on the day after Christmas Day, that is, on December 26th. In Nigeria, Boxing Day is a public holiday for working people and students. When it falls on a Saturday or Sunday, there is always a holiday on Monday. 

Money:

    Naira is the currency that officially circulates in Nigeria. The Central Bank of Nigeria is the body in charge of issuing Naira and regulates the volume of money in the offer to facilitate monetary and price stability. The Nigerian government's Security Printing and Minting Company, which belongs to the Nigerian government, is responsible for minting the currency and operates in Lagos and Abuja. Nigeria's currency is 100 kobo. Nigeria's economy is among Africa's largest economies and has sectors such as oil refining, building materials, pharmaceuticals and cement.

Coins

    In 1973, coins were introduced in denominations of 1⁄2, 1, 5, 10 and 25 kobo, with the 1⁄2 and 1 kobo in bronze and the higher denominations in cupro-nickel. The 1⁄2 kobo coins were minted only that year. In 1991, smaller 1, 10 and 25 kobo coins were issued in copper-plated-steel, along with nickel-plated-steel 50 kobo and 1 naira. On 28 February 2007, new coins were issued in denominations of 50 kobo, 1 and 2 naira, with the 1 and 2 naira bimetallic.

       1⁄2 kobo                   1 kobo                   

                    

      

         5 kobo              10 kobo

       25 kobo                   50 kobo                 

1 naira             2 naira  

Banknotes

    On January 1, 1973, the Central Bank of Nigeria introduced notes for 50 kobo, 1, 5, 10 and 20 naira. The 50 kobo notes were last issued in 1989. In 1991, 50 naira notes were issued, followed by 100 naira in 1999, 200 naira in 2000, 500 naira in 2001 and 1000 naira on October 12, 2005.

Government:

    The Federal Republic of Nigeria is a country located in West Africa, with a territory of 923,768 km2, slightly larger than the state of Mato Grosso. The most populous country on the African continent, with just over 170 million inhabitants, its capital is Abuja, which, like Brasilia, was planned to become the administrative center of the country in 1991.

    

    Nigeria is a republic, with the president acting as head of state and government. Nigeria has a long history of coups d'état, military regime and dictatorship. However, that pattern was broken on May 29, 1999. Under the current constitution, presidential elections are to be held every four years, with no president serving more than two terms. The Nigerian legislature consists of two chambers: a Senate and a House of Representatives. All legislators are elected for four-year terms. Nigeria's judicial branch is headed by a Supreme Court, whose members were appointed by the Interim Decision Council, which governed Nigeria during its recent transition to democracy. All Nigerians over 18 can vote.

                                            Current president: Muhammadu Buhari

Typical dishes:

    The cuisine of Nigeria is known for its variety and richness, a country located in West Africa uses in the preparation of its dishes herbs from various origins that add flavors to food, as well as palm oil in the creation of intensely flavored salads, soups and broths are also very common. The dishes are quite colorful and diverse and fries are also widely used. The typical dish of Nigerian cuisine is pepper soup made with a spicy sauce that can be made with fish or goat meat. Fried bananas are also very popular in Nigeria. In rural areas it is also possible to find many houses that make their own yogurts, which are generally delicious and it is also worth mentioning the delicious fish cakes, symbols of local cuisine, all very spicy and tasty.

    Typical dishes include a spicy sauce made with yams, red peppers, peppers, tomatoes and more basic ingredients. Called soup, the dish still receives a lot of veal or goat meat, some prefer to add fish. The "Dodô", pieces of fried banana, is well known there. Highlights of this rich gastronomy: beef, grilled fish, dried cod, rice, vegetables and chicken, palm oil and tomato extract.

Dodô:

    Dodô, as it is called in Yoruba, refers to fried sweet plantains. For bananas to be caramelized properly, they use ripe bananas.

Jollof Rice:

    This is one of the most popular foods in Nigeria and is eaten in every part of the country. You may wonder what it is that can be so highly rated and it will shock you to know that it is simply rice prepared with tomato, onion, pepper, and some other spices. It is sometimes served with vegetables, chicken or beef and fried fish.

Curiosities:

1-Economy of Nigeria

    Nigeria is the 11th largest oil producer in the world. This raw material accounts for the largest share of the country's exports, and the oil and natural gas sector represents a share of 10% of its GDP, according to OPEC. Despite this, agriculture, which corresponds to 21.1% of GDP, is the sector of the economy that concentrates most of the labor force.

2-Religion

    Most of the Nigerian population is a follower of Islam, with more than 50%, then Christianity, with more than 40%. The rest is divided among other types of beliefs. Islam appears strongly in West Africa and the country has one of the largest Muslim populations in the world.

3-The oldest man     According to archaeological records, Nigeria is one of the oldest places of existence for man. There has been human occupation since 9 thousand years before Christ, in the region where the African country is today. In addition, in the same region emerged one of the first civilizations, the Nok society, which existed between 500 and 200 years before Christ.

8D group 2 

Elias de Aguiar Matos Junior - Typical dishes and Curiosities

Kaique Barbosa Oliveira - Commemorative Dates and Money

Rebecca Vitória Mello Silva - Commemorative Dates, Government and Curiosities

Cultural Manifestations around the world - Índia

 Commemorative dates

Holi

Holi or the festival of colors is a festival held in India every year, between February and March, the purpose of the festival is to celebrate the arrival of spring in the Northern Hemisphere. It is a very fun Hindu celebration that involves throwing colored powder, made with flowers and some fruits, on people.

INTERNATIONAL KITE FESTIVAL / UTTARAYAN

The International Festival of Kites takes place on January 14 every year, is one of the largest festivals celebrated in the State of Gujarat, which celebrates more than 2,000 festivals. The Festival of Pipas or Uttarayan, mobilizes the entire population that months before the festival people already begin to manufacture and make Kites of all sizes and colors.

The Uttarayan Festival has been going on since 1984 to mark the day when winter begins to turn into summer, according to the Indian calendar. It is the signal to farmers that the sun is back and that the harvest season is approaching. 

People gather in small groups on their roof or friends to cram kite, making it a collective activity to celebrate together.

The art of flying kite was developed over time in India and was assumed as an important sport by Kings and royals. 

January 26 Indian Republic Day 

January 26 is Republic Day is a national holiday in India. It honors the date on which the Constitution of India came into force on January 26, 1950.

The main celebration of Republic Day is held in the national capital, New Delhi, in the Rajpath, before the President of India. On this day, ceremonial parades take place at rajpath, which are held as a tribute to India; unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage. 

GANESH CHATURTHI

It is a festival that takes place in August/September, in the Period of Bhadrapad that in the Gregorian calendar is the same as a month starting on August 23 and ending on September 22. 

Ganesh Chaturthi is the celebration of the birthday of Ganesh, the master God of wisdom and intellect. 

Ganesh is the first son of Shiva and Parvati and is represented by a deity with a large belly, four arms and elephant head, with an entire tusk and another broken and having the mouse as his mount. 

It is the most important festival in the State of Maharashtra, being celebrated for 10 days, between the 4th and 14th day of the Bhadrapad period. In the states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra, images of Ganesh made of uncooked clay are worshipped by the population. In addition, a special sweet called Modak is prepared on this occasion.

DIWALI

Celebrated on the 15th day Kartika (full moon period that can be between the months of October or November) in the Hindu calendar.

Diwali is a festival that can last about five days that represents the beginning of the Hindu New Year. It is known as the "Festival of Lights" due to fireworks, small clay lamps, and candles that are lit during the celebrations.

These lights represent the victory of good over evil, and enlightenment over darkness.

Font:http://inroutes.com/10-festivais-indianos-que-voce-nao-pode-deixar-de-conhecer/

2021

Money

 The History of the Indian Currency Notes and its Evolution

The origin of the word rupee is from the Sanskrit word “Rupya”, which means shaped, stamped, impressed or coin and also the Sanskrit word “raupya”, which means silver. 

The rupee has a strange or perplexing past, with a long history of struggle, exploration and wealth which can be traced back to the ancient India of the 6th Century BC. 

The first indian coins were minted in the 6th Century BC by the Mahajanpadas (the Republic Kingdoms of ancient India) known as Puranas, Karshapanas or Panas.

These coins have irregular shapes, standard weight and are made up of silver with different markings.

The Mughal Empire from 1526 AD consolidated the monetary system for the entire empire. In this era, the evolution of rupee occurred when Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun and issued a silver coin of 178 gms known as rupiya and was divided into 40 copper pieces and during the whole Mughal period silver coin remained in use.

King George VI replaced the native designs on banknotes and coins, but after the revolt of 1857, he made the Rupee as the official currency of colonial India.

In the honour of Queen Victoria in 1862, a series of bank notes and coins were issued with the Victoria portrait.

Finally, the Reserve Bank of India was set up in 1935, and empowered to issue Government of India notes. It had also printed 10,000 rupee notes and was later demonetised after Independence. The first paper currency issued by RBI was a 5 rupee note bearing King George VI’s portrait, in 1938.

In 1969 Reserve Bank of India issued the Mahatma Gandhi Birth Centenary Commemorative design series on Rs 5 and Rs 10 notes, and, in 1996 The Mahatma Gandhi series of paper notes were introduced.

After 2000, details of Indian Currency Notes are given in the form of table:

Font: The History of the Indian Currency Notes and its Evolution

Government india

Índia lt is the second most populous country, the seventh largest in geographical area and the most populous democracy the world.

 Bounded to the south by the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea to the west and the Gulf of Bengal to the east, India has a 7,517 km long coastline. The country borders Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal and Bhutan to the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. The island countries of the Indian Ocean - Sri Lanka and Maldives - are located very close to India.

India is a republic made up of 28 states and seven union territories, with a system of parliamentary democracy.

The country is the seventh largest economy in the world in nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP), as well as the third largest in the world in GDP measured in Purchasing Power Parity. 

Economic reforms carried out since 1991 have made the country one of the fastest growing economies in the world;  however, India still suffers from high levels of poverty, illiteracy, gender violence, disease and malnutrition. A pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society, India is also home to a wide range of wildlife and protected habitats. India went from 140th to 177th place between 2016 and 2018 in the Environmental Performance Index compiled by researchers from Yale and Columbia Universities. In particular, the study highlights the "alarming" deterioration in air quality.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CURIOSITIES:

1- their calendar (the Hindu calendar) are different, and have six seasons, namely: spring, summer, monsoon, autumn, winter and prevernal

2- inhaling the air of the city of Mumbai for a day, is equivalent to smoking 100 cigarettes, and the most polluted city in India and the world, is New Delhi

3- in the state of Madhya Pradesh, police officers receive a bonus in salary to let the mustache grow

4-has a city in it, called Auroville, founded in 1968, where its inhabitants do not use money, and have no religion

5-more than 1,600 languages ​​are spoken in it, with about 20 main languages

FONT:https://www.bol.uol.com.br/listas/2017/01/25/27-curiosidades-sobre-a-india-o-segundo-pais-mais-populoso-do-mundo.htm?foto=27

               TYPICAL DISHES

Very seasoned, the most used spices in this cuisine are curry, cinnamon, black pepper, vanilla and of course, masala. Masala is the most used spice in Indian dishes, its composition may vary according to the cook, but it usually brings cardamom, anise, saffron, cumin, cinnamon, ginger, walnut, cloves, cinnamon, black pepper and white pepper. Ufa. It is an explosion of flavors.

1 - Among the few meats that are part of the Indian menu, the most found are chicken and fish. Butter chinken is a dish that takes chicken cut into cubes, cooked with tomato sauce and ghee butter, a healthier version that discards the toxin from milk and lactose. To complete the list of ingredients, also delicious and healthy, this recipe includes yogurt and spices. Want to travel and not get lost in food? This is a great option for a light lunch or dinner.

2 - fish curry can be easily compared to our well-known moqueca. Each region of the country has its own way of preparation, the most traditional takes coconut oil, milk and the reddish color comes from pepper powder. In fact, bet on this combination if you are a fan of the pepper, since it is very spicy.

3 - Samosa is an Indian snack with fried dough very similar to our fried pastry. Because it is versatile and easy to eat, it is among the most sought after and traditional dishes in India, in addition to being very common in the daily lives of Indians. The dough is made with wheat flour, which can also be whole, and filled with several options, such as lentils, beans, mashed potatoes, onions and fruits. Of course, all of this is well seasoned and spicy.

4 - Kulfi is an original dessert from India created in the 16th century. The texture, appearance and flavor are very reminiscent of our ice cream, but with the dough a little more dense and creamy. They are found in the country in different flavors, but the most traditional are cream, mango, cardamom, saffron and pistachio. Due to its density, kulfi

It takes longer to melt than traditional ice cream.

5 - also an option for vegans. India is full of dishes that have no meat in their composition, but this tip does not take any ingredients of animal origin. Vadapav is a sandwich made of pav bread stuffed with a potato burger. Very traditional, it is easily found in any street stall. Everyone who has eaten says it is well-seasoned and delicious, as well as being practical for an afternoon snack, before leaving for the next item on the trip's itinerary.

FONT : https://www.viajarevida.com.br/os-10-pratos-da-culinaria-da-india/

Made by:

Ana Beatriz de Almeida: Typical Dishe

Kauany Lima Ribeiro: Commemorative dates

Kayo Natalino de Lima: Government india

Nicolas Rocha Candido:Curiosities

Rafael Miguel Barbosa Borghi:Money

England

Datas Comemorativas: commemorative dates from England -

1- MayDay: In Brazil, Labor Day always takes place on May 1st. If it falls on Sunday, no holiday. The British, on the other hand, always have a fixed date on the first Monday in May.

2- Spring Bank Holiday: This holiday is a celebration of the arrival of spring in England. It always takes place on the last Monday in May. A good opportunity for a picnic in London parks, like Regent’s Park or Hyde Park.

3- Summer Bank Holiday:And not only is the arrival of spring a cause for celebration for the English: they also have a holiday to welcome the arrival of summer. It always takes place on the last Monday in August.

4- Christmas Day e Boxing Day:Christmas is celebrated by the British on December 25th. But, if the date eventually falls on Saturday or Sunday, the holiday is relocated to the following Monday. In addition, they have yet another Bank Holiday in the sequence: December 26th is Boxing Day, a holiday to open gifts and socialize with the family - also marked by many discounts in stores, after the end of one of the most popular dates. commercials of the year.

5-Half Term:It is also a short period of time for students, between each two-month term. Dates vary by school, but generally take place in late February, late May and late October.

6- Notting Hill Carnival:is a huge street festival that takes place in London every year. It's all about celebrating Caribbean heritage, arts and culture - including music, food and dancing. This year it's taking place on Sunday 25 and Monday 26 August.

texto por Anny Tiemi

Pratos Típicos: 

Discover the 5 typical foods of England🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿:
The basis of England's cuisine is: fish, potatoes, cheeses, meats and vegetables.

1. Fish and Chips

Well this food is like fish and chips for Brazil

2. Bangers and Mash
Made with low quality meats, water and cereals, sausage was one of them.

3. Summer Pudding
It is a pudding made from bread in a dormant way, strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, currants, sugar and wine.

4 e 5. Sunday roast e yorkshire pudding
Made with flour, milk and eggs, the yorkshire pudding is a type of bread with a texture similar to that of a souffle and that, along with potatoes, vegetables and gravy, accompanies the classic Sunday Roast - a roast served on 

Sundays in English houses and restaurants.

 

Texto por Bete Figueiredo

Curiosidades: here you will find some curiosities about England 

1º Big Ben

The name of that big clock tower is not Big Ben! What has that name is the bell and many people don't know that. But now you do.

2º Queen of animals

All whales, swans and dolphins in British waters belong to the Queen. That's right, Beth is the owner of all the animals.

3º The six crows of the tower of London

Six Tower of London crows have permanent protection and care. This is justified from a concern that King Charles II had not to disregard the prophecy of an ancient legend that said "If the crows leave the Tower of London, the kingdom will collapse". From this, six ravens of the Tower live in the greatest stewardship, being protected by royal decree, having a Ravenmaster just for them and getting raw meat twice a day.

4º Different accents

The British accent is much more elegant than the American one, but there are so many regions that they know where each one is from... or they won't understand each other. Even in such a small country, there are different words and accents and that to foreigners can seem incomprehensible. In addition, there are other languages in between such as Gaelic and Welsh

5º The Land of tea

It's no news that England loves tea. This custom is very old and there are teas that even have the Queen's seal of approval.

Tea is usually taken with milk and there is some discussion about whether the milk goes before or after the water. There is also high tea and low tea: both are accompanied by a three-tiered dispenser with different snacks or cakes for each.

6º French was once the official language of england

You wouldn't have expected that! Because of the Norman invasion (medieval people who lived in the north of France), between 1066 and 1362, French ended up being the official language of England. In addition to the language, the Normans left the Tower of London and other inheritance fortresses to the England.

7º The shortest war

England was part of the shortest war in history: the dispute was against Zanzibar in Africa in the year 1896. Do you know how long it lasted? A measly 38 minutes.

h

texto por Johnny Franco